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Healthcare workers and their families account for one in six hospital Covid-19 cases even though they represent only 11% of the working age population, new research reveals.
The study from Scotland was published in The BMJ and found that overall, the risk for healthcare workers and their families was higher compared with other working age adults, especially for those in ‘front door’ patient facing roles such as paramedics and A&E department staff, say the researchers.
As such, they say these findings have implications for the safety and wellbeing of healthcare workers, and their households.
The study assessed the risk of hospital admission for Covid-19 among patient facing and non-patient facing healthcare workers and their household members.
Their findings are based on Scottish workforce data for 158,445 healthcare workers (aged 18-65 years), 229,905 household members, and other members of the general population during the peak period for Covid-19 infection in Scotland (1 March to 6 June 2020).
Patient-facing healthcare workers most at risk
The researchers found that admission to hospital with Covid-19 was uncommon, with an overall risk of less than 0.5%. However, compared with other adults of working age, healthcare workers and their households accounted for 17% of all Covid-19 related hospital admissions, even though they represent only 11% of the working age population.
After adjusting for factors such as age, sex, ethnicity and underlying health conditions (comorbidities), the risk of hospital admission for Covid-19 in non-patient facing healthcare workers and their household members was similar to the risk in the general population.
However, patient-facing healthcare workers were three times more likely to be admitted to hospital for covid-19, while members of their households were nearly twice as likely to be admitted to hospital for Covid-19 than other working age adults.
Those working in ‘front door’ roles, such as paramedics and A&E department staff, were at the highest risk of hospital admission for Covid-19.
Among healthcare workers who were admitted, one in eight were admitted into critical care and six (2.5%) died. To put this into context, this corresponds to just 0.004% of deaths as a proportion of all healthcare workers. In admitted household members, one in five were admitted to critical care and 18 (13%) died.
This is an observational study, so can’t establish cause, and the researchers acknowledge that some misclassification is likely to have occurred. What’s more, the study included predominantly white healthcare workers, so results may not apply to ethnic minority groups.
The researchers are calling on governments, healthcare managers and occupational health specialists to consider how best to protect healthcare workers and their families in the event of a resurgent pandemic. They say the findings should inform decisions about the organisation of health services, the use of personal protective equipment (PPE), and redeployment.
Ensure protection of all healthcare workers
In a linked editorial, researchers at Skane University Hospital in Sweden welcome these findings and say reasons for the observed increase in risk “need to be explored to help to guide safety improvements in healthcare settings.”
They call for high quality studies evaluating new prevention and control practices “to guide improvements in our approach to protecting health care workers and their families, including those from ethnic minority communities who have the highest risks of infection and poor outcomes, widening workplace inequality.”
They also call on the international community to support efforts by the World Health Organization to secure adequate supplies of PPE and Covid-19 tests for low and middle income countries, and say an effective vaccine, if and when available, “must be distributed fairly and healthcare workers must be prioritised globally.”
In accordance with United Nations Sustainable Development Goals, “we must ensure the protection and security of all health workers in all settings,” they conclude.