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Loneliness and decreased physical activity were associated with more symptoms of poor mental health in adults aged 50 and over during the Covid-19 lockdown.
The large-scale online study of more than 3,000 people aged 50 or over was led by the University of Exeter and King’s College London, and funded by The National Institute for Health Research Maudsley Biomedical Research Centre.
It found that loneliness was a key factor linked to worsening symptoms of depression and anxiety. In people who were not lonely, levels of depressive symptoms were unaffected.
Researchers also found that a decrease in physical activity since the start of the pandemic was associated with worsening symptoms of depression and anxiety during the pandemic. Other factors included being female and being retired.
The study reviewed data going back to 2015 for participants of the PROTECT online study, which was designed to understand the factors involved in healthy ageing.
It combines detailed lifestyle questionnaires with cognitive tests that assess aspects of brain function including memory, judgment and reasoning over time. In May, researchers included a new questionnaire designed to assess the impact of Covid-19 on health and wellbeing. Running from May 13 to June 8, the questionnaire was completed by 3,300 people, of which 1,900 were long-standing PROTECT participants. The study is continuing to run so that longer term outcomes can be assessed.
Loneliness was associated with depression during lockdown
Dr Byron Creese, of the University of Exeter Medical School, who led the study, said: “Even before the pandemic, loneliness and physical activity levels were a huge issue in society, particularly among older people. Our study enabled us to compare mental health symptoms before and after Covid-19 in a large group of people aged 50 and over.
“We found that during lockdown, loneliness and decreased physical activity were associated with more symptoms of poor mental health, especially depression. It’s now crucial that we build on this data to find new ways to mitigate risk of worsening mental health during the pandemic.”
Before the pandemic, lonely people would report an average of two symptoms of depression for at least several days over the previous last two weeks. During lockdown, lonely people reported either an increase in frequency of depressive symptoms, to more than half the days in the two week period, or a new symptom for at least several days in that timeframe.
Worsening mental health during the pandemic in older adults
Professor Clive Ballard, Executive Dean and Pro-Vice Chancellor of the University of Exeter Medical School, who leads PROTECT, added: “We are only just beginning to learn the impact that Covid-19 is having on the health and wellbeing of older people. For example, the effect of any economic impact may not yet have emerged.
“Our largescale study will span a number of years, and will help us understand some of the longer-term effects of Covid-19 on mental health and wellbeing, and ultimately, on whether this has any knock-on effect on aspects of ageing, such as brain function and memory. ”
The study plans to conduct further analysis on groups at particularly high risk, such as people with cognitive impairment and those with caring roles.